See ‘Bankrupt’: A Broken Bench Became a Sign of Failure:When companies or individuals declare bankruptcy, they’re following a tradition that dates back to medieval Florence by Ben Zimmer of The WSJ. Excerpts:
"The story of the word “bankrupt” starts in medieval Florence, at a time when it was a major center of commerce. Money-changers set up benches or benchlike counters for doing business in public places, with the bench called a “banca” in Italian. Legend has it that when a Florentine trader did not have enough money to pay what was owed, the bench would be broken so that no more business could be transacted. The broken bench was known to Italians as a “banca rotta.”
The “rotta” part of the phrase might seem to suggest the English word “rotten.” But its origin is actually from the Latin verb “rumpere” meaning “to break,” which also has the form “ruptus” meaning “broken.” The same Latin root is the source of such words as “rupture,” “corrupt” and “interrupt.”
That old Italian bench is also the source of our word “bank” for a financial institution, since “banca” got applied to a shop where a money-changer conducted business."
The Italian form passed through French as “banqueroute” on its way to English. When the word entered the English lexicon in the 16th century, it got spelled as “bankrupt” by scribes who thought it should look more like Latin “ruptus.”
In its earliest use, “bankrupt” was a noun referring to a person who has run out of money."
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